First-Order vs. Second-Order Change Matters for Habit Transformation
Many individuals attempt to replace old habits with better ones, but more often than not, these changes are short-lived. One of the main reasons for this is that people typically focus on first-order change—quick fixes or surface-level adjustments—when they should be fostering second-order change to create lasting transformation. The chart below highlights the key differences between first-order and second-order change.
First-and second-order change (Atos AT, 2013).
While first-order changes can be effective for some adjustments, other changes require second-order strategies to create lasting shifts in behavior and to alter one’s homeostasis. Therapeutic conversations around homeostasis often reference relationship systems that rely on feedback loops. These loops ensure that any disruption—whether internal or external—will be corrected to return to equilibrium. This concept is often discussed in the context of relationships between two or more individuals (Reiter, 2017; Gardner et al., 2006). However, it also applies to the relationship we have with ourselves.
For meaningful and lasting changes, it’s crucial to understand the role of feedback loops. A "negative feedback loop" describes a pattern of interactions within a system that maintains the status quo, often reinforcing unhealthy behaviors or dynamics. On the other hand, a "positive feedback loop" encourages change and adaptation, fostering healthier interactions and helping resolve issues (Reiter, 2017; Smith & Karem, 2019).
To create lasting change, it’s important to focus on small, incremental steps that address the underlying patterns and rules of interaction, rather than simply adjusting surface-level behaviors. You can refer to the worksheet here to help you get started.
References:
Reiter, M. D. (2017). Family therapy: an introduction to process, practice and theory. Routledge.
Gardner, B. C., Burr, B. K., & Wiedower, S. E. (2006). Reconceptualizing strategic family therapy: Insights from a dynamic systems perspective. Contemporary Family Therapy, 28, 339-352.
Smith, M., & Karam, E. (2019). Positive feedback in family systems theory. In Encyclopedia of couple and family therapy (pp. 2245-2247). Cham: Springer International Publishing.
